Human Resource Management---How might organizational culture be Essay

Human Resource Management - How may hierarchical culture be identified with the activity fulfillment of the workers - Essay Example Wilton (2011) characterizes association culture as information and guidelines that have been consolidated together by workers in understanding nature of the association (Wilton, 2011). The organizer of Wal-Mart Sam Walton indicated concerns and regarded its staff individuals since the start of the organization which built up a quality of trust which endures to the present day. The author used to call staff with their first name and urged them to perform better which created trust. Southwest Airlines is known for its casual culture which energizes casualness at work. Workers are roused to help each other which diminished the turnover pace of the organization when contrasted with the business normal. This culture was impacted by flighty CEO Herb Kelleher (McIntosh and Doherty, 2010). Also, Virgin Airways culture permits everyone to take an interest in thinking of inventive thoughts for the organization. Microsoft considers its representatives their benefits and they attempt to make dev elopments in remuneration bundles to make their workers fulfilled. Toyota is another model that has most elevated occupation fulfillment rate recorded in light of the fact that it applies to the method of executing representative assurance reviews in a specific timeframe (Gilmore and Williams, 2009). These association societies are identified with work fulfillment of representatives which has made these organizations effective throughout the years. A fulfilled representative can bring transformation inside an organization which can change it into better ways (McIntosh and Doherty, 2010). The individuals who oversee the association, gives rules and guidelines to keep up moral conduct inside associations for the point of view of controlling the demonstration of representatives. Be that as it may, an excessive number of rules and exacting strategies can negatively affect the fulfillment level of workers and would eventually bring about lower profitability (Sempane et al., 2002). In the event of Southwest Airlines, the easygoing quality of a culture gave the organization to lessen turnover rate. Comparable with the instance of Toyota which performed worker reviews to check their fulfillment rate and make changes in like manner in association culture. The organization screens the assurance rate and discover explanations behind worker disappointment and makes changes (Swart et al., 2005). The organization that has strong condition and chiefs will in general help benevolent coaching of their subordinates then it would lead a superior vocation improvement and would help in diminishing turnover rate (Knights and Hugh, 2007). The way of life of association and their working styles exceptionally sway the presentation of representatives. A persuaded worker who is profoundly made up for better execution and is being given prizes, will in general have high spirit and they endeavor to surpass desires for higher development (Egan et al., 2004). Walters (2010) portrays that pr ofitability of a representative is straightforwardly relative to motivating forces that are given by the organization (Walters and Walters, 2010). The way of life of an association decides approaches to deal with employees’ remuneration bundles and treatment of representatives over their exhibition (Roos and Eeden, 2008). An organization that will in general give different offices, appealing bundles and reasonable treatment, will undoubtedly expand work fulfillment. (Greene, 2011). Microsoft presented a culture of giving great remuneration bundles to workers which made them fulfilled (Herzberg, 2003). Authoritative culture is profoundly inserted in the association and it is the secret

Immigration as Social Issue in Australia

Presentation Immigration is a prickly political just as social issue in Australia. In the same way as other western nations, Australia gets a great many foreigners from underdeveloped nations who enter the nation both legitimately and unlawfully. As indicated by the Australian government, the nation has gotten almost 6.8 million outsiders since 1945.Advertising We will compose a custom coursework test on Immigration as Social Issue in Australia explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More Middle East nations like Lebanon supplies a large portion of the settlers from the locale to Australia. Expanded limitations on movement on the scenery of a time ruled by hostile to dread measures after 911 that have seen a horrendous crackdown and detainment of settlers by Australian specialists. There have likewise been racially persuaded assaults of settlers in Australia particularly those of Asian starting point. As indicated by an assessment of public sentiment completed in 2005, most Australians were of the supposition that less workers from the Middle East ought to be permitted into the nation. Mill operator et al (2009) says that in the midst of all these nonetheless, is the intriguing issue of patriotism and character of these settlers particularly those from the Middle East (p. 208). A portion of these outsiders have procured Australian citizenship while numerous others are moving in the direction of accomplishing the Australian dream. That adequately implies they are working for the Australian reason. It ought to never be overlooked anyway that these settlers have bind to their country and that is assumes a noteworthy job in characterizing their patriotism and identity. Already accessible investigations by people, government, and non-administrative associations will be the wellspring of data. Investigation and audit of this data to decide the patterns in it will involve the philosophy of the examination. A lot of ends will be drawn from the investigation of writing audit. Where essential, there will likewise be proposals. The ends will be contrasted with the speculations with check whether the suppositions that educated the endeavor regarding the investigation were right or not. Generally speaking pattern Nieuwenhuysen et al (2009) says that a difference in Australian migration strategy in the 1970’s saw an expansion of non-Europeans particularly Asians and individuals from the Middle East in Australia (p. 98). This migration has offered ascend to another pattern of trans-patriotism that shapes the premise of writing review.Advertising Looking for coursework on sociologies? How about we check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The exploration will investigate the component of trans-patriotism that is probably going to be the situation with a large portion of these workers and its effects on their proceeded with remain in Australia. Transnationalism will likewise incorporate an assessment of the parts of cultural assimilation, absorption, and mix of these outsiders to the bigger Australian people group. There will be an inside and out examination and investigation of the writing that exists on transnationalism. Research will concentrate on the overall ties that middles East foreigners have to their country and what it intends to their Australian and their local countries’ character and patriotism. Different parts of transnationalism including government arrangements and race relations will likewise be contemplated and their effect on the patriotism and personality of these settlers. These viewpoints incorporate the effect of country governmental issues, devotion to Australia and their local terrains, citizenship obtaining and equivalent access to circumstances. Measures According to Soller (2004), writing survey will be separated into different areas that will concentrate on the subject under investigation (p.104). Audit of the status of Middle East outsiders in the nation, the example of migration and settlement in Australia, surveys on the current writing on movement of Middle East individuals to Australia, synopses, and ends from the examination done on writing survey will cosmetics the measures for the writing survey. References Soller, A. J. (2004) Evaluation of microbial hazard appraisal methods and applications. Alexandria: Water condition establishment.. Nieuwenhuysen et al. (2009) Nations of outsiders: Australia and the USA thought about. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar Publishing. Mill operator et al. (2009) Immigration to Australia. London: VDM Publishing House Ltd.Advertising We will compose a custom coursework test on Immigration as Social Issue in Australia explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More This coursework on Immigration as Social Issue in Australia was composed and put together by client Eleanor Rutledge to help you with your own investigations. You are allowed to utilize it for research and reference purposes so as to compose your own paper; be that as it may, you should refer to it likewise. You can give your paper here.

How a Buyer (or User) Persona Can Improve Your Business

How a Buyer (or User) Persona Can Improve Your Business Have you ever tried to discuss the latest Mercedes or Range Rover model with your friend who doesn’t give a hoot about cars? What was the conversation like? You probably realized that your friend wasn’t even paying attention to what you were saying, and ended up changing the direction of the conversation to avoid wasting your breath.This is exactly what happens when you try to market your products and services without checking whether your message is relevant to the person you are marketing to. The only difference is that on top of your message being ignored, you are also wasting your marketing budget.To be an effective marketer, one of the first things you need to get right is to figure out who exactly you are marketing to. Knowing who you are marketing to not only helps you to determine if your products and services are relevant to the person you are marketing to, but also to figure out if you are marketing to them in the right way.Instead of trying to convince customers why th ey need a product, you can focus on selling them what they actually want. In order to figure out exactly who you are marketing to and how to market to them in the right way, you need to come up with something known as a buyer persona.WHAT IS A BUYER PERSONA? A buyer persona can be defined as a fictional, generalized representation of your target customers. It is a detailed description of the kind of person who might be interested in buying your products and services. The buyer persona is written as if it is a description of a real person.It should include everything about the ideal customer, including demographics such as age, gender, ethnicity, education, marital status and family size, personal and professional background, goals, challenges and concerns, hobbies and interests, past buying behavior, and so on.The aim of the buyer persona is to help you understand your customers better. It allows you to put yourself in the shoes of your customers and to get a clear picture of every aspect of their daily life. It makes it possible for you to get inside the head of your customers and prospects and figure out how they think and behave, and what their motivations are.Once you understand your customers completely, you can now tailor your messaging, content, products and services to their specific behaviors, needs and concerns.With a buyer persona, there is no chance of getting it wrong, because you are not making guesses or assumptions.You actually KNOW what your customers want and need and the messages they are most likely to respond to.IS A BUYER PERSONA REALLY NECESSARY?Many marketers ignore the buyer persona, and I can certainly understand this.Creating a detailed buyer persona needs some time and effort, and after all, no marketer wants to spend time coming up with a buyer persona if they don’t think it will have a solid ROI.What many do not understand is that lack of a buyer persona actually minimizes the ROI of your other marketing campaigns. Below are som e of the reasons you need to create a buyer persona.Helps You Identify Customers’ Wants and NeedsCustomers don’t purchase products and services simply because they are available in the market. Instead, customers purchase because the product and service fulfills a certain want or need.A buyer persona allows you to figure out your customers’ wants and needs and allows you to delight them with products and services that actually satisfy these needs.Selling becomes easier when you are fulfilling customers’ needs instead of trying to convince them to buy.Makes It Easier to Tailor Your Marketing Message to Your CustomersImagine you are selling ladies’ shoes. Would the message used to sell the shoes to 20 year old ladies work for a 40 year old woman?Probably not, because the two care about different things. Sure, both might buy the same shoe, but their reasons for buying the shoe are different.In order to sell the shoe to each of them, you have to use a message that resonates wit h them and their reasons for buying the shoe.A buyer persona helps you understand the personalities, desires, and buying motivations of your customers, allowing you to tailor your marketing message to appeal to each customer’s specific desires.Helps You Understand How Customer’s Make Purchasing DecisionsDifferent customer groups make their purchasing decisions in different ways.When buying a car, a 25 year old, single guy might go for things like speed and how cool the car looks. A 45 year old father of two, on the other hand, might be more interested in space and fuel economy.Not only does this affect how you market to them, it also affects what extras you can upsell with the car.The 25 year old dude might be more interested in styling and performance upgrades, such as turbos, superchargers and body kits, while the 45 year old dad of two might be interested in child seats for his kid’s safety.The more you understand your customer, the easier it becomes to understand their pur chasing decisions, move them along the sales funnel and increase their lifetime value.Helps You Develop And Improve Products and ServicesThe better you understand your customers, the easier it will become to understand the shortcomings and challenges they face when using your products and services.You can then use this information to improve your offerings or come up with new products and services to eliminate these challenges, thus allowing you to strengthen the relationship with the customers and increase their lifetime value.Helps You Determine Where Your Customers Spend TimeIn order to effectively market your products and services, you have to figure out where your customers like to spend their time, both online and in real life so that you can reach out to them and have conversations with them in those places. If your buyer persona is a senior executive who spends most of their online time on LinkedIn, it won’t make much sense marketing your services on Facebook.If your ideal customers are young ladies who spend their evenings in coffee shops, you won’t have much success promoting your services at the gym. Developing a buyer persona helps you figure out where and how you can reach your customers easily and effectively.Ensure Everyone In The Company Is On The Same PageIf you think a buyer persona is only beneficial for the sales and marketing departments, think again.The product team needs to know exactly who they are developing the product for. Your customer service representatives need to know the personalities, behaviors and desires of your customers in order to keep them happy.Developing a buyer persona ensures that everyone within the company is on the same page on how to please your customers, which in turn helps boost customer satisfaction and retention rates.Helps You Segment Your Marketing EffortsSometimes, a business might have a large target customer group. For instance, let’s consider companies that sell shaving razors. The razors markete d to men are fundamentally the same as those marketed to women. However, if the marketers use a general campaign to market to both audiences, the product will not appeal to either men or women.If they focus on one audience, they stand to lose sales from the other audience. What such companies do is to create buyer personas for the two audiences and then come up with segmented marketing campaigns that appeal to each persona.The companies end up using different colors on the razors, different packaging, and different messages. By segmenting their marketing efforts to each buyer persona, their marketing campaigns become more effective compared to a general marketing approach.Helps You to Pre-Qualify LeadsDeveloping a buyer persona also helps your business to focus on attracting better leads who are more sales- ready. Rather than trying to push your products to customers who are not sure whether they actually need the product, you can focus on leads that actually want the product.Taking the time to develop negative personas (personas representing the type of customers you don’t want) can also make your marketing efforts more effective and lower your customer acquisition costs by weeding out the ‘bad apples’ during your marketing efforts.These are just some of the reasons why you need to create a buyer persona. Not convinced yet? What if I told you that businesses using buyer personas experience a 55% increase in organic search traffic, double the open rates of their email campaigns and increase their email click-through rates 5 times?In addition, 71% of businesses that surpass their lead and revenue goals use buyer personas. Need I say more? The benefits of developing a buyer persona for your business are endless. Question is, how do you come up with a buyer persona?HOW TO CREATE A BUYER PERSONACreating a buyer persona involves collecting information about your target customers. While the type and amount of information gathered will obviously vary depending on your business, there are some questions you need to answer about your ideal customers. These include:1. What is Their Gender?Many products are gender specific. You don’t expect to sell products like wedding dresses, heels, cosmetics and beauty products, handbags, and so on to a predominantly male clientele. Similarly, you don’t expect to sell products like shaving kits, ties, and so on to a predominantly female clientele.Even for products that are not gender specific, such as smartphones, television sets, cars, computers, and so on, the language and message used to sell to men might not work for women, and vice versa.Therefore, it is important to know the gender of your ideal customers so that you can tailor your marketing to suit them.2. What is Their Age?Knowing your ideal customers’ age is crucial in determining the kind of products they might be interested in. If you sell home maintenance products like lawn mowers and wheelbarrows, it might not make a lot of sense marke ting them to 20 year olds who are yet to buy their own homes.On the other hand, if you sell baby products, marketing to 20-30 year olds might be effective since it is at that age that they are getting married and getting their first kids.Age also influences how you market your products. For younger customers, you might focus on the ‘cool factor’ while older folks will be more concerned with the utility of a product.3. Where Do They Live?Your customers’ location also influences your marketing campaign.For instance, if you run an online business and realize that majority of your buyers live in California, you can increase your budget for geographically targeted ads in the region.Knowing the location of your ideal customers also influences the location of your business. For instance, if you want to launch a luxury car dealership, it might not be wise to locate it in a low income area.Finally, your customers’ location also influences the kind of products they prefer. For example , automotive dealers might notice that people who live in rural areas lean towards trucks, whereas urban dwellers might prefer sedans.4. What is Their Level of Education?Your customers’ education level influences the kind of message and information you provide in your marketing material.For instance, if your customers are highly educated, you might provide study results and graphics about your product and leave them to make their own decision.If their education level is low, on the other hand, you might use testimonials and other forms of social proof to influence their decision.5. What is Their Occupation?A person’s occupation might influence the kind of products they buy.For instance, if you sell high end, high performance computers, it might be more effective to market them to designers, animators and video editors rather than social media professionals who only need a device that can connect to the internet.If you provide email marketing services or SEO services, online busi ness owners might be very interested in your services, whereas a nurse or a civil engineer might not care about your services.6. What is Their Income Level?This is another important consideration when coming up with a buyer persona. Remember, your customers will only buy your products if they can afford them, therefore you need to know the income range of the people you are targeting.For example, if you are a car salesperson, you wouldn’t spend your time trying to sell cars to students who don’t have any income. If you sell real estate, you wouldn’t spend your marketing budget advertising to people in entry level jobs since they might not earn enough to spend on a home.7. What are Their Interests and Leisure Pursuits?You might be wondering why you need to know the interests, hobbies and leisure habits of your buyers.This information helps you to better understand their personalities, which in turn makes it easier for you to connect with them. It also allows you to know where t hey hang out, so that you can easily reach out to them.For example, if you realize that majority of your customers go to the gym, you can partner with gyms around your locality to promote your products and services to them.8. What is Their Relationship Status?Are your target customers single or married? Do they have kids? What ages are their kids? This information is very crucial.The wants, needs, preferences and leisure activities of single people are very different from those of married people.Similarly, the wants, needs and preferences of people with toddlers are very different from those of people with teenage children. This information helps you position your products and services in a manner that resonates with your ideal buyer.9. What are Their Goals and Objectives?What are the goals and objectives of your ideal customers? What are they trying to achieve using your product or service?Understanding why customers purchase your product will help you refine your marketing strateg y and promote your products the right way.10. What are Their Challenges?What concerns and objections does your ideal buyer have about purchasing your products and services? Knowing these concerns and objections allows you to address them and convince your ideal buyers why your products are best for them.11. What is Their Purchase History?This information helps you understand what your buyers consider to be important and also helps you further refine their demographic information.For instance, if you notice that most of your customers are buying outdoor home equipment, you can deduce that they are middle class and they live in rural or suburban areas.12. What are Their Social Media Tendencies?How do your customers use social media? Which social media platforms do they prefer? This information helps you to determine the best social media channels to focus on in your marketing and the kind of content that will resonate with them.These are some of the questions you should try to answer when coming up with a buyer persona. Once you find answers to these questions, aggregate the average data for each question and then use it to create your user persona.Finally, come up with a fictional name to go with your buyer persona and choose a photo to go with the name. Doing so makes your buyer persona feel like a real person, rather than a collection of data.Obviously, you might be wondering where the heck you will get all this information. Below are some approaches you can use to get this information:Conduct traditional market research: If you do not have budgetary constraints, conducting market research about your target customers can help you come up with great data for your buyer persona.Conduct surveys: Sending out questionnaires with the above questions to your existing customer base can also provide you with a lot of information for your buyer persona. You can encourage your customers to take part in the survey by offering a small incentive, such as a discount coupon. Check your web and social media analytics: Your web and social media analytics contain a wealth of data about the people currently interacting online with your business or brand. This data can be useful in creating your buyer persona.Talk to your employees: Employees who interact with your customers can also provide you with useful information about your customers. Give them surveys with the above questions and use their responses to come up with a buyer persona.When conducting surveys, especially on customers, it is important to use open ended questions and where possible, follow them up with a ‘why?” Doing so will give you better insights into their behaviors, goals, and challenges.Open ended questions allow people to talk about their true feelings, which is important since you want to completely understand your customers.It’s also good to note that if your customer base is too wide, it is alright to come up with two or three buyer personas. Still, avoid the temptation to co me up with a buyer persona for every possible target customer. Just come up with buyer personas for two or three of your best performing customer groups and you are good to go.SAMPLE BUYER PERSONATo make it easier for you to understand what a buyer persona should look like, let’s take a look at a sample buyer persona from a web design agency that focuses on building and maintaining websites for freelance writers.Persona Name: Freelancer FredGender: MaleAge: 27Location: Remote (lives in an urban area)Relationship status:  Single, no kidsEducation: UndergraduateOccupation: Offers freelance writing services onlineIncome level: $50,000Goals: Build a thriving freelance writing agency that brings in over $200,000 annually.Challenges:Wants a modern website, but does not have a huge budget to spend on building and maintaining the site.Is not very conversant with SEO practices.Social media habits: Spends a lot of time on Twitter and LinkedIn, mostly networking with other freelancers and re aching out to prospective clients.Hobbies and interests:TravelingVolunteeringOnline gamingHOW TO USE YOUR BUYER PERSONAObviously, you are not going to use all this effort to create a buyer persona just to leave it at that. You need to make use of it. Below are some tips on how to make use of the buyer persona you just created.Classify Prospects by PersonaEvery time you get a new prospect, you should classify them by their respective persona. This allows you to tailor any further interaction with the prospect to suit their persona. Come up with a question or series of questions that will help you determine in which persona a prospect fits.You can then use these questions to classify the prospect during your first interaction with them, regardless of whether the interaction happens in person, through a phone call, or on an online opt-in form.Of course, not all prospects will fit neatly into your buyer personas. Just classify the prospect into the closest persona. If you realize that s ome clients are too detached from any of your current personas, you can use their data to create additional personas.Tailor Your Content to Buyer PersonasAddress your buyer personas: Now that you know who you are selling to, customize your messages to address your buyer persona instead of addressing everyone. For example, instead of saying “are you looking for a power suit,” you can now say, “Are you a 35 year old female CEO looking for a power suit?” The second question will resonate and connect better with your customers.Address their problems: Since you now know the specific problems of your buyer persona, you can address them rather than addressing general problems that your ideal customer might not even be experiencing.Appeal to different points of view: Instead of creating general content, create different content that appeals to each of your buyer personas.Serve dynamic persona-based web content: There are tools that allow you to show different content based on the bu yer persona you have placed a prospect in. Whenever they visit your website, they will only be shown content that is relevant to their buyer persona.Place prospects in persona-based drip campaigns: Once you assign a buyer persona to a prospect, you can then place the prospect in a drip email campaign that is customized to suit their persona and their current phase in the buyer’s journey.Find the appropriate marketing channel: Now that you know where your customers spend their time online, you can use the appropriate marketing channels to market to them. Since you know their interests, it becomes easier to determine which influencers your customers are more likely to follow and trust.Track Your PersonasYou should also track information and data about your buyer personas. For instance, is one buyer persona generating more leads than the other? Is one buyer persona spending more money than the other?This information can help determine if you are spending your advertising budget optim ally or if you are using the best methods to reach out to prospects.WRAPPING UPKnowing who your customers are, how they think and behave, and what their problems and concerns are allows you to effectively connect and communicate with them and build engagement, trust and loyalty.By creating a buyer persona and basing your marketing strategies on this persona, you will be able to boost your sales efforts and accelerate your business’ growth.

Definition and Discussion of Graphology

Deborah Cowen s The Deadly Life Of Logistics Essay

In many aspects globalization is usually described as a process where due to an increase in trade, technology and cultural exchange the world is getting more interconnected making distances less and less which is giving rise to a capitalist economy. According to (Wallerstein 2004), â€Å"world economy has always been capitalist†. It’s like everyone is specialized to perform a certain task and that’s how the idea of division of labour is built within us which ties us to the system of capitalism. Competition and the will to earn more is ingrained which creates state subsidies and makes strong states to use their power to prevent weaker states from succeeding. However, Deborah Cowen’s The Deadly Life of Logistics published in 2014 by the University of Minnesota Press justifies globalization in a very complex way which opens the eyes of readers to the violent aspects relating to it. In the title words such as â€Å"trade† and â€Å"logistics† may deceive some users with the content contained in the book to business decisions and the revolution in military affairs. Nonetheless, this is not the case as this book aims to describe the art and the science of logistics. Cowen suggests that logistics is part of the reason of the changing world in political agendas, security levels, rise of global production, labour practices and warfare. Cowen uses critical theory to elaborate the revolution in logistics by going through the civilization of logistics and going in depth of the economic and andShow MoreRelatedMarketing Mistakes and Successes175322 Words   |  702 PagesUniversity of Minnesota and George Washington University. His MBA and Ph.D. are from the University of Minnesota, with a BBA from Drake University. Before coming into academia, he spent thirteen years in retailing with the predecessor of Kmart (S. S. Kresge), JCPenney, and Dayton-Hudson and its Target subsidiary. He held positions in store management, central buying, and merchandise management. His first textbook, Marketing: Management and Social Change, was published in 1972. It was ahead

Character of Three Mistakes of Mu Life Free Essays

Govind: Govind Patel is an ordinary guy with whom anybody can relate. He has very few desires but he is obsessed with the desires he covets. His main ambition is to become a businessman as he thinks that being a Gujarati, business is in his blood. We will write a custom essay sample on Character of Three Mistakes of Mu Life or any similar topic only for you Order Now His best friends are Omi and Ish (Ishan). Govind is an agnostic. His father has abandoned him and his mother, who runs a business of selling home-made food items. To support her financially, he takes mathematics tuitions. He continues these tuitions even after starting the cricket shop business. He is the narrator of this story and the one who makes the â€Å"Three Mistakes†. During the course of the story he falls in love with Vidya, Ishan’s younger sister for whom he is a private tutor. Govind is the one who looks after the financial part of the business as he has good business sense and mathematical skills. Ishaan: He is a big cricket freak and also a patriot at heart. Ishan has been the best cricketer in his locality and school. He suggests the name of their business as â€Å"Team India Cricket Shop†. He helps Govind’s business by organising daily cricket coaching camps. He has a family which makes life situation by keeping quiet. He has a younger sister, Vidya, about whom he is quite protective. When he discovers that a boy called Ali is a very talented batsman, he decides to go any length to give Ali proper training. Ishan usually looks after day-to-day shop activities as he has genuine interest in any cricket-related thing. Omi: He is the son of the Hindu priest of the local temple. His family enjoys great respect among the people. Through Omi’s parents and maternal uncle (who own few shops as a part of the temple trust property), they readily get a place to start their business. He is a rather dumb kind of boy and has not many dreams, but likes to concentrate on having a healthy body. However, he resents growing up and being a saint like his father. He is a religious person and actively takes part in his maternal uncle’s (Bittoo Mama) religious politics. He is however confused about his religious views which are mainly influenced by Bittoo Mama. Vidya: She is Ishan’s younger sister. She is a rebel at heart and dreams to break free from the constraints of a typical middle-class family and society, to go toMumbai, do a course in PR and become independent. She however despises maths which is required for her medical entrance exams. Hence, Ish asks Govind to take her mathematics tuition. However, in between their tuition they fall in love, have intimate sexual relations, which is unaccepted by anyone. Only Omi figures out the relationship Govind and Vidya share and also reminds Govind about the consequences of Ish getting to know about it. Ali: One of the students in Ish’s coaching classes and a great batsman because of a rare nature’s gift. However, he doesn’t play too much cricket as he gets tired really fast and enjoys playing marbles. He is a Muslim boy and respects Ish like a Guru. He too, like Ish is patriotic at heart. He denies the offer of Australian scholarship and wants to play in the Indian side. Bittoo Mama: He is the maternal uncle of Omi. Mama runs the trust of the temple and agrees to rent the place to the three friends for the Cricket Shop business. He is an active member of a Hindu political Party. He follows the preachings of Parekh-ji, a political-cum-spiritual leader and has complete faith in him. He has locked his horns with Ali’s father who belongs to the Secular Party. He has a son Dhiraj. Mama is not fond of Govind as he is an agnostic. He is the mainantagonist of the story. Govind’s mom: Gujarati woman. She wants her son to pursue a degree in Engineering. She runs a home-made food business. She cares about Govind a lot and supports him well through his hardships and struggles. Ali’s Father: He is a devout Muslim and works for a secular party. He is a very kind-hearted person who wants Ali to take his education seriously despite his mediocre financial condition. He treats the three friends very well when they go to visit Ali in his house. Overall he is a good person. Fred Li: He’s an Australian Cricket Team member and a fast bowler. He invites the three friends and Ali to Sydney when they travel to Goa to see India-AustraliaOne Day International and meet him in the stands. He spots talent in Ali and wants to help him getting a chance to be trained in his academy in Australia. Loosely based on Brett Lee How to cite Character of Three Mistakes of Mu Life, Papers

What Makes Art Therapy Essay Sample free essay sample

Although ocular look has been used for mending throughout history. art therapy did non emerge as a distinguishable profession until the 1940s. Given its short history. â€Å"art therapy† exists as a term that describes a aggregation of diverse patterns held together by a belief in the mending value of art devising. ( American Art Therapy Association [ AATA ] . 2010 ) Though art doing itself is inheritably curative. it is the creative activity of an art object and the debut of a â€Å"third object† into the antecedently two- manner duologue between client- healer that defines and distinguishes the subject. Art as Therapy versus Art Psychotherapy Presently there is no cosmopolitan definition to Art Therapy. With the changeless interplay of assorted determining forces. art therapy has changed significantly since its early beginnings ( Jones. 2005 ; Malchiodi. 2007 ; Waller. 1991 ) . Given the challenge to specify the subject. there is a demand to non merely merely acknowledge. but besides form. the assorted definitions of art therapy. We will write a custom essay sample on What Makes Art Therapy Essay Sample or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Malchiodi ( 2007 ) attempted to picture the tenseness among assorted schools of thought by neatly spliting them into two cantonments – â€Å"Art as Therapy† and â€Å"Art Psychotherapy† . Referred to every bit â€Å"Art as Therapy† . this impression of art therapy focuses on the â€Å"inherent mending power† of the originative procedure of art devising. The procedure of art devising remains cardinal and is seen as an experience that can take to emotional reparation and personal transmutation. ( Malchiodi. 2007 ) A strong focal point on the procedure of art devising could be seen in AATA ( 2010 ) ’s official definition of Art Therapy: ( Art Therapy ) is based on the belief that the originative procedure involved in artistic self-expression helps people to decide struggles and jobs. develop interpersonal accomplishments. manage behaviour. cut down emphasis. increase self-esteem and self-awareness. and achieve penetration. — AATA Website On the other manus. â€Å"Art Psychotherapy† differs to â€Å"Art as Therapy† in that it sees art as a mean for symbolic communicating. By foregrounding the art image or graphics. a triangular relationship is formed between the healer. the client and the art. Artistic looks such as drawings and pictures was said to play a important function in â€Å"achieving penetration ; deciding struggles ; work outing jobs ; and would take to positive alterations. growing. and healing† . ( Malchiodi. 2007. p. 5 ) The alone part of a client- therapist- image three would be demonstrated in assorted parts of this essay. Theoretical Orientations- An Eclectic Approach In pattern. art therapists build on assorted theoretical orientations for mending intent. Sometimes regarded as an interdisciplinary signifier of psychotherapeutics. art therapy is basically a synthesis of art and therapy ( Malchiodi. 2007 ; Rubin. 1999. 2010 ; Vick. 2003 ) . With the changeless interplay of assorted determining forces. the range of cognition art healers possess is rooted in a assortment of beginnings including ; developmental. psychological. educational. cognitive and transpersonal positions. ( AATA. 2010 ) As the very nature of art assumes a dynamic unconscious ( Rubin. 2004 ) ; many believe that psychoanalytic theory still dominates art therapy. However. both the AATA and the British Association of Art Therapy [ BAAT ] described art healer to be of a assortment of orientations. The claim is backed up by research conducted in 2000. where 21 % of art healers described their theoretical orientation as â€Å"eclectic† and a diverseness of theoretical attacks in dicated gestalt. behavioural. cognitive. psychoanalytic and Jungian were being cited at similar degrees. ( Elkins A ; Stovall. 2000 ) Post-modern approaches- Art therapy melding with systemic therapy Turning up parallel to group therapy and household therapy. art therapists readily encompass the systemic position and a postmodernist manner of thought. Family art therapy was recognized in 1989 by AATA ; since so the convergence of art therapy and household therapy has been smooth and has achieved much success. ( Arrington. 2001 ; Riley. 2001 ) Family art healers blend a committedness to the usage of art with a committedness to believe systemically. The usage of art as â€Å"container for emotions† . for case. canastas seamlessly with one of household therapy’s nucleus construct â€Å"meta-communication† . In meta communicating. households were invited to step out of the job and to â€Å"gaze† at it from an external stance. by affecting an art merchandise the job is automatically externalized and made touchable. leting the household to work as a squad to suppress â€Å"it† . Furthermore. art devising is so a ready to hand tool in household mediation scenes as messages excessively delicate or powerful to be expressed in verbal signifier could so be expressed in ocular signifier. ( Rubin. 2004 ) Pulling from the above illustration. one could see that art therapy is a unstable mode that may be adapted to back up other theoretical attacks to therapy ; but such convergence does non go on in a insouciant mode but is frequently a considered integrating of a reciprocally supportive model. ( Riley. 2001 ) Treatment Goal– The Activation of a triangular relationship As mentioned above when specifying â€Å"Art as Therapy† . art devising in itself is inheritably curative. Whilst the freedom to utilize art stuffs could supply clients with a touchable sense of control ; art devising besides has the ability to bring forth self-esteem. encourage hazard taking and experimentation. learn new accomplishments and enrich one’s life. In a clinical scene where patients experience restricted in certain facets of life. art devising could heighten a patients’ ego regard by ; giving them an involvement. demoing them an ability within their physical capacity and assisting them develop their individualism and personality. ( Malchiodi. 2007 ) Nevertheless. the impression of â€Å"art as therapy† has its restrictions. Though valid. it does non explicate Art Therapy’s peculiarity to other signifiers of therapy such as Recreational therapy or Occupational therapy. The symbolic power of an art image Art therapy should widen beyond diversion and relaxation. In 1989. the BAAT‘s functionary definition for art therapy started by saying. â€Å"The focal point of art therapy is the image† and highlighted the procedure as affecting â€Å"the Godhead. the artifact and the healer. † ( Waller. 1991. p. 3 ) The innovators of art therapy Margaret Naumburg and Edith Kramer both see art as a typical platform from which the client and healer could prosecute in and derive penetrations from. Naumburg believed that art had symbolic qualities that came from the subconscious whilst Kramer saw art as a medium to decide the struggle between Idaho. self-importance and superego. ( Waller. 1991 ) The International Art Therapy Organization ( 2010 ) further explains the power of art as a transitional object by acknowledging its symbolic nature: â€Å"When words are non plenty. we turn to images and symbols to state our narratives. † In Sessionss. art therapists strive to acknowledge the gestural symbols and metaphors that might be hard to show in words or in other modes. Some even believe that for experiential jobs that have no rational solutions the symbolic map of the humanistic disciplines offers at least a partial manner of response and therefore alleviation. ( Blatner. 1992 ) In group scenes. for case ; Malchiodi ( 2007 ) believes the most of import advantage of utilizing art look is its ability to do that group’s procedure. interaction and dynamic seeable and touchable. This enabled ideas and possibilities to be anchored. In fact. group therapists believe that art therapies enhance inclusiveness for the sharing imagination normally feels closer than sharing in verbal signifier ; whilst the usage of symbols could easy remind clients of shared subjects and cut down sense of solitariness. ( Blatner. 1992 ; Yalom. 1985 ) Art therapy besides aims for a psychotherapeutic emotional release for clients. The symbolic nature of art therapy could entree ideas and feelings deep in one’s subconscious that otherwise would non be reached. Kramer respects art as the â€Å"container of emotions† whilst most healers agree that art is a manner of showing interior feelings. As it is more hard to decrypt the significance of symbols in a additive manner many instances clients find art a safe medium to show â€Å"dangerous† feelings. ( Malchodi. 2007 ; Waller. 1991 ) The ineluctable intervention endAlthough art therapy is non the lone signifier of therapy that incorporates an experiential component. the experiential nature of art itself makes the battle of a client’s engagement a intervention end that can non be overlooked. In art therapy. attending of the person is important. As the medium itself is a manner of communicating. engagement begins the minute a client starts researching different mediums. ( Rubin. 2010 ) During creative activity of the art it is the clients. alternatively of the healer. that give the art merchandise personal significance. Very few therapies depend to such a grade on the active engagement of the person. When an art merchandise is created. the permanency of it offers a alone country of engagement ; clients can continuously look at it. be intrigued by it. and finally be challenged to research their significances. ( Blatner. 1992 ; Degen A ; Lansen. 2006 ; Malchodi. 2007 ; Riley. 2001 ) Effective therapies require more than an rational analysis but instead an experience of how to practically use new apprehensions in life. Guaranting that the client is â€Å"present† is peculiarly of import when a katharsis return topographic point. as the client can necessitate a really direct experience in order to incorporate it. By remaining in the present minute. and by sing their struggles clients bit by bit expand their degree of self-awareness and therefore personal growing. ( Blatner. 1992 ; Yalom. 1985 ) Battle of the client with art is peculiarly helpful in group work. The hands-on experience could arouse a sense of â€Å"playfulness† in grownups. assisting them communicative and â€Å"let go† of fright. failure and rejection. The experimental nature of art devising could besides re-direct easy distrait clients into speech production in the â€Å"here-and-now† ; while the demand for active engagement in doing art can assist equalise engagement. All these factors are cardinal to prolonging a more cohesive and safe group environment for curative growing. ( Blatner. 1992 ; Liebmann. 2004 ; Malchodi. 2007 ) Client groups- from catholicity to specialty Art devising is about universally possible which entreaties to art therapy’s diverse patronage group. Art therapy can work with grownups with a scope of troubles including depression. habit-forming and self- destructive behaviours. larning troubles and psychotic unwellnesss ( Rubin. 2010 ) . Some art healers attempted to specify more specifically which patient population art therapy is intended for. There were efforts. for case. that looked at descriptions of psychological provinces to determine whether those with marginal personality and psychotic organisations are appropriate for art therapy ( Dudley. 2004 ) . However. as everyone has the ability to be originative through art it could move as a footing for a battalion of therapy signifiers. Immune clients Art therapy facilitates the curative procedure of working with immune clients. In therapy. antecedently suppressed subconscious feelings might happen fearfully or erratically. Denial and opposition in therapy. though apprehensible. might impede the curative procedure. Art therapy’s abstract nature could subtly and increasingly cut down this opposition. Whilst some persons tend to be defensive. when talking in abstract footings or by deflecting themselves. art can bit by bit increase the explicitness of the symbolic representation of emotionally- loaded thoughts. and to see the subconscious moral force more vividly. For case. the usage of art could get the better of turning away tactics that could be easy used by the client in verbal therapies such as ; interrupting oculus contact. narrating in the yesteryear or speech production in general footings. ( Blatner. 1992 ; Liebmann. 2004 ) Through detecting objectified stuff. art therapy allows a temporal flexibleness for continued geographic expedition. contemplation and comparing over a period of clip. where words can be easy forgotten and denied. By using an external object. an art healer could besides command the grade of meddlesomeness. which allows for greater flexibleness. By seting the nature of art activity a therapy could be both directing and non- directive. catering to the differing demands of clients. For case. Murphy ( 1998 ) conducted research and concluded that working in a non- directing manner with a sexually abused client is more appropriate as they needed to experience in control particularly as they could happen way intrusive. Interrupting through opposition in verbal therapies Art therapy is besides known for its suitableness for clients who feel restricted in the usage of verbal therapies. ( Blatner. 1992 ; Liebmann. 2004 ) In the field of psychopathology. a recent survey ( Degen A ; Lansen. 2006 ) has found that art therapy is a really promising signifier of intervention for alexithymia – the incapacity to spot and verbally express emotions. Having a therapy that centres on the contemplation of art differs from verbal therapy in that there is no inevitable beginning and terminal as in a verbal narrative. The term â€Å"spatial matrix† is used to depict the dynamic nature of art. As art look surpasses regulations of linguistic communication. such as sentence structure. grammar. logic and right spelling ; it can show many complexnesss at the same time. ( Malchiodi. 2007 ) Contradictory elements can be included ; love and detest for a household member. for case. could co- exist. Many persons who experience contrasting emotions in speedy sequence frequently struggle to joint what precisely it is that they are sing. The ability of art to incorporate self-contradictory elements helps people integrate and synthesise at odds feelings and experiences. ( Malchodi. 2007 ; Sullivan. 2003 ) Interpretation and appraisal in art therapy The definition and range of art therapy have been influenced by mental wellness and medical scenes in which art look has been used as a signifier of intercession. The AATA ( 2010 ) defined art therapy as â€Å"mental wellness profession† where healers use their rating accomplishments to plan Sessionss for clients in accomplishment of curative ends and aims. The medical theoretical account has impacted on art therapy in assorted ways. with its influence on the assessment stage of therapy being the most controversial. It is normally thought that art therapy is strictly about construing the content of the client’s artistic look. In modern psychological science. standardized diagnostic appraisal is emphasized particularly under the influence of projective pulling appraisals. with formalistic processs and standardised methods of reading. which developed in the twentieth century. The first drawing appraisal for psychological intents was created in 1906 by German head-shrinker Fritz Mohr ( Liebmann. 2004 ; Malchiodi. 2010 ; Vick. 2003 ) and since so the innovation of projective trials proliferate the field. Projective trials were claimed to observe injury. anxiousness. depression and psychiatric perturbation ; yet operational definitions were frequently equivocal. ( Choping. 1999 ) Notwithstanding. with the influence of the anti- psychopathology motion on the art therapy profession in the late sixtiess and early 1970s many art healers began to shun diagnostic testing and inquiry the cogency of healers doing interpretive premises. Art therapists seem be more comfy with an intuitive attack than other mental wellness professionals ; while they tend to be more â€Å"anti- authoritarian† and â€Å"anti- theoretical† ( Vick. 2003. p. 18 ) . they are more likely to improvize on the protocol of standardised appraisals to accommodate a peculiar intent. ( Dudley. 2004 ; Rubin. 1999 ) Acknowledging that mental patients are defenceless against the procedure of clinicians utilizing them for diagnosing. some art healers were concerned with the possibility of â€Å"image abuse† . It was argued that art diagnosing was built upon â€Å"narrow and typically idiosyncratic psychological theories† ( McNiff. p. 315 ) and such a additive attack frequently amounted to a signifier of image maltreatment where kids client and clients in mental infirmary frequently do non acquire the opportunity to talk for themselves but are alternatively judged upon others’ reading of their art merchandise. Recently. some healers raised concern over the usage of psychiatric linguistic communication in appraisals as it set the scene for prepossessions originating from diagnostic labeling. It was believed that the labeling consequence would barricade the addressing of single. personal or socio-political context. which prevented an unfastened curative interaction. ( Dudley. 2004 ) Similarly. many art healers advocate non construing art but holding the forbearance to let the significance of the stuff to emerge. It was believed that art diagnosing obscures the deeper significances of art looks and blocks their healing powers. ( Mcniff. 2004 ; Riley. 2004 ) They are concerned with continuing the â€Å"soul and imagery† expressed in peoples’ art. instead than hold them interpreted and oriented to ends and results. Some have regarded the different attacks towards appraisal as correspondent to that between the US and the UK. ( Gilroy and Skaife. 1997. ( Jones 2004 ) Possibly rooted in the US health care system. it was observed that the US adopts a more problem- resolution approach— where art is used to arouse stuff for diagnosing. forecast and intervention. However in the UK there is a strong influence from psychoanalytic and psychodynamic theory. art is seen as inherently mending through a shamanic and religious manner. Through its official web site. the BAAT had made a statement that clearly states its stance towards the diagnostic usage of imagination: â€Å" The art healer is non chiefly concerned with doing †¦ diagnostic assessment†¦ The overall purpose of its practicians is to enable a client to consequence alteration ad growing on a personal degree through usage of art materials†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Despite the difference in attitude towards appraisal. the BAAT adopted a instead inclusive attack to specifying art therapy: â€Å"Art Therapy is a signifier of psychotherapeutics that uses art media as its primary manner of communicating. † In world. tenseness and struggles are ineluctable for a turning profession. yet most art healers build on common land and portion the same passion and belief. To reason. the chief difference between art therapy and other signifiers of psychotherapeutics is that it is a â€Å"three- manner process† ; apart from the client and the healer there is the presence of the image. Making the subconscious touchable. lasting. discernible is a alone intervention end to art therapy ; with such art therapy is flexible plenty to suit different theoretical orientations and attacks to assessment. With the alone quality offered by art. art therapy is about universally applicable. Mention American Art Therapy Association ( 2010 ) . AATA- about us. Retrieved March 24. 2010 from hypertext transfer protocol: //www. americanarttherapyassociation. org/aata-aboutus. hypertext markup language American Art Therapy Association ( 2010 ) . History A ; Background. Retrieved March 24. 2010 from hypertext transfer protocol: //www. americanarttherapyassociation. org/aata-history-background. hypertext markup language Arrington. D. ( 2001 ) . Home is Where the Art Is: An Art Therapy Approach to Family Therapy. Capital of illinois: Charles Thomas. Blatner. A. ( 1991 ) . Theoretical rules underlying originative humanistic disciplines therapies. Humanistic disciplines in Psychotherapy. 18 ( 5 ) . 405-409 British Association of Art Therapists ( 2010 ) . What is art therapy. Retrieved March 22. 2010 from hypertext transfer protocol: //www. baat. org/art_therapy. hypertext markup language Campanelli. M. A ; Kaplan. F. F. ( 1996 ) . Art therapy in OZ: Report from Australia. The Arts in Psychotherapy. 23 ( 1 ) . 61-67. Degena. M. A ; Lansen. J. ( 2006 ) . Alexithymia—A challenge to art therapy: The narrative of Rita. . The Arts in Psychotherapy. 33 ( 3 ) . 167-169. Dudley. J. ( 2004 ) . Art psychotherapeutics and the usage of psychiatric diagnosing: Appraisal for art psychotherapeutics. International Journal of Art Therapy. 9 ( 1 ) . 14-15. Elkins. D. E. . A ; Stovall. K. ( 2000 ) . American Art Therapy Association. Inc. : 1998-1999 rank study study. Art Therapy: Journal of the American Art Therapy Association. 17 ( 1 ) . 41-46. Gilroy. A. A ; Hanna. M. ( 1998 ) . Conflict and civilization in art therapy: AnAustralian position. In Calisch Tapestry of cultural issues in art therapy ( pp. 249-275 ) . London: Jessica Kingsley. Choping. S. ( 1999 ) . The abnormal psychology of mundane art: a quantitative survey. Retrieved April 10. 2010 from University of Keele. Department of Psychiatry Web site: hypertext transfer protocol: //www. musictherapyworld. de/modules/archive/stuff/papers/Hacking. pdf International Art Therapy Organization ( iato ) ( 2010 ) . Index. Retrieved March 22. 2010 from hypertext transfer protocol: //www. internationalarttherapy. org/index. hypertext markup language Jones. P. ( 2005 ) . The humanistic disciplines therapies: a revolution in health care. New York: Brunner-Routledge. Liebmann. M. ( 2004 ) . Art therapy for groups: a enchiridion of subjects and exercisings. Hove. East Sussex: Brunner-Routledge. Malchiodi. C. A. ( 2007 ) . The art therapy sourcebook ( 2nd ed. ) . New York: McGraw-Hill. McNiff. S. ( 2004 ) . Art heals: how creativeness cures the psyche. Boston: Shambhala. Riley. S. ( 2001 ) . Group procedure made seeable: group art therapy. Philadelphia: Brunner-Routledge. Rubin. J. ( 2004 ) . Approaches to Art Therapy Theory and Techniques. New York: Brunner- Routledge. Rubin. J. A. ( 2010 ) . Introduction to art therapy: beginnings A ; resources. New York: Routledge. Stoll. B. ( 2005 ) . Turning strivings: the international development of art therapy. The Arts in Psychotherapy. 3 ( 2 ) . Sullivan. G. A ; Strongman. K. T. ( 2006 ) . Hovering and assorted emotions: A conceptual- dianoetic position on modern-day emotion and cognitive assessment theories through illustrations of pride. Journal of the Theory of Social Behaviors. Vol 33: 203-26 Vick. R. M. ( 2003 ) . ‘Brief history of art therapy’ In C. Malchiodi Handbook of art therapy ( pp. 5-15 ) . New York: Guildford Press. Waller. D. ( 1991 ) . Some positions of art therapy ; Becoming a profession. London: Routledge. Wood. M. A ; Pratt. M. ( 1998 ) . Art therapy in alleviative attention: the originative response. London: Routledge. Yalom. I. D. ( 1985 ) . The theory and pattern of group psychotherapeutics Basic Books.

The Decline of Students Writing Skills Causes and Outcomes

The Decline of Students Writing Skills Causes and Outcomes The Decline of Students’ Writing Skills: Causes and Outcomes Writing is still the most common form of evaluating students’ achievements. You must write term papers, coursework, theses, and dissertations to prove that the teachers effort did not go to waste, and that you can acquire knowledge on your own. But something did go to waste, as more and more teachers begin to realize that they spend more time fixing grammar mistakes than focusing on the information related to topic of the work. So, what happened? If the problem keeps getting worse, maybe it’s high time to get to the bottom of it and find out the reasons for weak writing skills. Statistics on Student Writing Skills Numerous studies have been taken involving writing skills of grade-school to college age students. Annual reports from the National Center for Education Statistics show that the SAT mean scores in writing have dropped from 497 to 484 in 9 years (2006 – 2015). It’s already bad that the score is decreasing, but it also never stayed the same two years in a row during this period. Therefore, we can assume that the SAT result in writing will continue to decrease at the same rate. The same statistics show that SAT reading scores have also decreased in the same way. This also contributes to poor writing skills, particularly where analyzing and synthesizing sources is required. Causes of Students Poor Writing Skills Many teachers think that the main reason for poor writing is social media. Student paper writing seems to have shrunk to 140 characters in Twitter. But if you think about it, shouldnt these 140 characters teach young people how to express their thoughts concisely? Maybe the problem is not in the communication services that they use, but rather because they were never taught how to think and write properly. Actually, the basis of the problem lies in the limited skill set students get from secondary and high school education. They were not taught what they are required straight after entering college. Most of the time, high school students dont get to do anything more than argue an opinion in their essays. Analyzing and synthesizing information are neglected. Another point to consider is that more and more students are becoming reticent about sharing something personal, including their point of view on an essay topic. Possible Outcomes and Solutions Poor writing skills influence both employers and their prospective employees. Employers waste hundreds of dollars on training; that is, when they can attract applicants. If you’ve ever searched the job market, you’ve seen the error-filled job descriptions. Those vacancies are certainly not too appealing. On the other hand, if you’re a student looking for a job, writing skills are essential in writing a believable resume or cover letter. And in the future work place, you’ll have to write reports, business letters, and maybe even press-releases. This means you have to be prepared before you even start searching for a job. Writing is a way to communicate your thoughts, feelings and opinions. It’s an essential skill in everyday life, as well. Grade school should be the place to lay the basis for such skills. Considering that students come to colleges and universities unprepared, the grade school system should be altered to raise interest in writing and to develop the basic required knowledge for literacy. In the end, students should be encouraged to write rather than criticized. It’s one thing to evaluate grammar and structure, but if students feel like their personal opinions are evaluated, they’ll be hesitant to express them. Unfortunately, this is what grade school education is lacking today – freedom of expression.

10 Principles of Writing for the Web

10 Principles of Writing for the Web 10 Principles of Writing for the Web 10 Principles of Writing for the Web By Mark Nichol Writing for online reading is basically the same as writing for print publications. â€Å"Writing for the Web† is more about the presentation than the content itself, but it does require a shift in thinking and some mechanical changes to prose. Here are some tips: 1. Introductory Text Site visitors rarely read introductory paragraphs on their first visit. Why? Most people arrive at a site via a search engine, so they often bypass the home page. Others, of course, follow a link to a home page, or click on a Home link inside the site to see what else it has to offer, so an introduction isn’t useless, but make it short and sweet, answering the what and the why in as few words as possible. The same goes for introductory text on interior pages. 2. Points of Entry Most people scan, rather than read, Web pages, at least initially. Many, of course, read entire articles and essays, but home pages and other top-level pages should catch visitors’ attention with scannable text like linked or unlinked keywords, practical (not clever) display copy (otherwise known as headings, subheads, and the like), and bullet lists. 3. Pare Paragraphs Brief paragraphs that contain just one idea are ideal for online readers. (See?) 4. Key Facts First Employ the inverted-pyramid model of writing, based on journalistic style, in which the most important information is featured first, followed by decreasingly significant information. One advantage of this strategy is the same one that made it integral in newspaperese: If content is too long, it’s easier just to cut from the bottom rather than try to delete passages throughout. (You can always repurpose the deleted content for another article, or, like many online newspapers, have visitors click to a new page to finish reading.) 5. Link In and Out Provide links to related material on your Web site and on others. Don’t be concerned that visitors won’t come back to your site once they leave; if you routinely send them to good material, and you have good material waiting when they return, they’ll return. 6. Say It Straight Chant your new mantra: SWYM, MWYS. (Say what you mean, mean what you say.) Objectivity equals authority; avoid marketese, promotional excess, hyperbole whatever you want to call it. If people trust you to be evenhanded in your writing style, they will trust you. Also, be literal, not figurative: If, in a heading for a sports story, you use metaphorical language like curse instead of something more concrete like â€Å"losing streak,† you lose the opportunity for search optimization. 7. 1st Words Count Many site visitors scan in a rough F pattern, keeping their eyes on your page’s left-hand margin as they dart slightly along each line before dropping to the beginning of the next. Make the first dozen or so characters in your display type count. Avoid bland and coined terms, and start with keywords. 8. Be Passive Don’t go out of your way to avoid passive sentence construction, at least in initial sentences. Why? â€Å"Mark Nichol recommends that online writers embrace the passive voice so that key information appears up-front in sentences† breaks the rule recommended in the previous paragraph. Who cares about Mark Nichol? Start with the point of the sentence: â€Å"Passive voice is recommended by Mark Nichol to help online writers place key information up-front in sentences.† Of course, you can also place important words at the head of an active sentence: â€Å"Passive voice is useful for placing key information up-front in online writing.† (And leave me out of it.) Note, of course, that not every first sentence in a paragraph or even a section needs to be headed by keywords, but don’t pass up an opportunity to do so. 9. Write Well The best way to attract visitors to your site is to provide them with high-quality content. It may not get them there, but it will keep them coming back. 10. Break Rules Disregard any and all of these rules as you see fit, but know them and apply them often. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Freelance Writing category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Inquire vs Enquire"Gratitude" or "Gratefulness"?Especially vs. Specially

Black Stork Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Black Stork - Essay Example It was the belief of those that ascribed to this type of world view that such a human was possible and the only thing that was stopping the further evolution of mankind was societal constructs of mercy and value towards all life equally. The proponents of the eugenics movement, Dr. Harry J. Haiselden himself a member, advocated for a more direct approach towards achieving this particular interpretation of Darwin’s theories (Pernick, 1996). The rational for this particular worldview was not formed from a state of mind that espoused hatred, malice, or contempt for human life; instead, the proponents of eugenics sought to create an idealistic world in which society would no longer be plagued by disease, and genetic disorders – a world in which a superhuman would eventually emerge. As such, opponents to the eugenics movement quickly crystallized around the belief and notion that all human life was sacred and it was not for the doctor/attending physician or anyone else for t hat matter to deem what life was not worthy of being saved through his own inaction allow an infant to die (Voluntary Euthanasia, 1932). As such, in 1919 a silent movie entitled Black Stork began to be shown in the then rare theaters. The movie was concentric around the actions/inactions of Dr. Harry J. Haiselden which led to the deaths of many infants the doctor deemed unworthy of life. Although this name is not likely to ring any bells currently, this was a medical doctor whose exploits were the thing of tabloid newspapers at the time. Due to the fact that Dr. Haiselden was a strong proponent of eugenics he was known to withhold treatment from certain infants that when born required immediate surgical procedures to ensure their continued longevity. As such, Dr. Haiselden was known to withhold theses procedures deeming it as a mercy to the child and to society to prevent them from being a drain on their parents and the society at large. As such, the movie displayed in detail the pr ocess through which the doctor would make these determinations as well as the graphic display of the corpses of the dead and dying infant with its own mother. This practice alone caused the film to have to be edited on a number of occasions in order to tone down the graphic displays of death and dying that were presented to the audience (CITE). The idea of eugenics, coupled with the fact that many in society were willing to carry to an ultimate end the theory of natural selection (aided by human hands) and survival of the fittest, meant that a term was brought into the lexicon of the medical community and society at large in a new and revamped way. The term itself, â€Å"Euthanasia† had previously had a much different meaning; however, due to the exploits of individuals such as Doctor Haiselden, the meaning grew from â€Å"efforts to ease the sufferings of the dying without hastening their death" to â€Å"actively or inactively ending life in an effort to end suffering† (Capron, 1974). As such, the term greatly progressed from what was its original meaning. Furthermore, the movement was presented to society in ways that they could no longer ignore the implications that such practices brought along with them. It is interesting to theorize what would have happened with eugenics and euthanasia had Hitler not risen to power in Germany during the early 1930’s (Benzenho?fer, 2010). Due to the Third Reich’s belief that racial superiority was the best model

Conservation of the Everglades National Park Research Paper

Conservation of the Everglades National Park - Research Paper Example The Park is home to several species of wildlife such as herons, egrets, wood storks, red-shouldered hawks, snail kites, wild turkeys, woodpeckers, and warblers. In addition, it is the only Park in the world with two contrasting species of animals coexisting in the same ecosystem. For example, alligators, commonly found in temperate climatic zones, live with crocodiles, only found in tropical zones. Since the Park receives both freshwater and saltwater from different sources, plants and animals from temperate and tropical climatic zones are a common feature. Funding from external sources is necessary to support conservation programs aimed at preserving the existing ecosystem, as well as develop lasting solutions to slow down the effects of global warming on the Park’s flora and fauna. Diversity and biological interrelationships among the life forms in the area During the dry season often experienced between December and April, the alligator digs out large holes in the limestone that provides shelter for turtles, insects, wading birds, and fish. These holes provide a secure place for these animals to cool down during the day before returning to their habitats at night (Spoolman & Miller, 2011). Moreover, during the wet seasons, alligators spread out the marshes floating on the water to make way for wading birds and other freshwater animals. The life cycle of the snail kites is dependent upon the availability of the apple snail, which is its staple prey in the Park. Due to the seasonal water flow affecting the Park, the population of the apple snails is diminishing, endangering the survival of the snail kites. Thus, conservancy strategies have been put in place to control the use of water in the Park so as to reverse the current seasonal dry spells that, for years, have disrupted the Park’s ecosystem. For there to be a stable balance between the predators and their prey, conservancy programs should be modeled towards reversing the effects of global w arming currently affecting the flora and fauna native to the Park (Balint, Stewart, Desai, & Walters, 2011). Mangrove trees provide nesting grounds for different species of birds living in the Park. Furthermore, snakes prey on these birds for survival, thus keeping the mangrove forest intact would strengthen this food chain, providing a balance between the two species dominant in the Park. Human intrusions threatening the Park Although the Park is protected from the inside, its surroundings are constantly being destroyed by human activities, such as building canals to redirect water from the river for irrigation. The water channeled off the Park is being utilized by the neighboring communities to water their plantations, as well as for domestic use. Besides, the canal’s major objective is to control flooding during the rainy season when water from the springs overflows to the plantations surrounding the Park (Parrish, 2011). Water from the â€Å"River of Grass† is curr ently being used to irrigate sugarcane plantations located between the Park and Lake Okeechobee. It is said that the river no longer flows to the Park as it used to when the Park was opened since most of the water is being tapped for domestic and industrial use.

The Sustainability In Residential Development Environmental Sciences Essay

The Sustainability In Residential Development Environmental Sciences Essay Abstract: Unsustainable is the word that defines the absence of logic in terms of describing in residential development. Loads of explanations, analysis and proposed plans and cures exist for this unsustainable development. However Sustainable development in residential is increasing motivation between architects and interior designer; latest methods are developing each day that gives a promising area of an eco-friendly lifestyle. Introduction: Sustainable development in Interior design (also named as green design or eco design) manifest that a good-looking, vigorous living space can ease the negative effect on the environment without forfeiting aesthetics. Sustainable development is one of the high significance proposals, which recommends reaching the stability between economic, social and environmental aspect. In this proposal, I will discuss about sustainable in residential development that is how residential can subsidize into sustainability and benefits of it in housing development. Background /Context: SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMEMT Sustainable development can be defined in two ways: one development, which means the need of a present without avoiding the ability of future generations to have their own needs, and secondly, securing towards a healthier quality of lifecycle for every one of us and coming generations. Sustainable development is key code of a viewpoint in environmental area of health and safety of ecosystem in globally. Sustainable development has been defined in many ways, but the most frequently quoted definition is from  Our Common Future, also known as the Brundtland Report:[1] Sustainable development is development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. It contains within it two key concepts: the concept of  needs, in particular the essential needs of the worlds poor, to which overriding priority should be given; and the idea of  limitations  imposed by the state of technology and social organization on the environments ability to meet present and future needs. The main aim of sustainable development is to persuade the public to use the essential facilities without the help of vehicles. They should be pushed more into public conveyance. The site or the location of the development should stay in such area that they can access to the local service by public transport. This kind development reduces the effect of greenhouse effect and C02 radiations and conservation of the natural resources, within the resident societies and affluent and innocuous economy.   All definitions of sustainable development have 3 elements which are economic, social and environment. Sustainable Development in Economical aspect: Economic development is the processes that motivate the system under study, as well as the sets linked with the movement of energy and materials which are essential to exist. As we all share the nature, the changes affects our daily habitual life and hence its necessary to apprehend what is actuality affected and how. This acquaintance is of the simple definition of sustainability develop problem. Sustainable Development in Social Aspect: Social aspect in sustainability development, also said social security system has effect to improve individual health and the social benefit and to increase the social assets. Social asset is the source to convince the society to recreate the interest and develop network and connection. Its the blend of quantity and quality of social communication in human lives. Thus, developing social in sustainably is to reduce the liability and sustaining the health of social system. Sustainable Development in Environment Aspect: Environment aspect or ecology system is the nature source of all energy and raw materials to create the environment development. Ecology is the organism in environment which is the connection between relation and interaction between living organism which adds human, nature and habits. HOUSING DEVELOPMENT Building environment represent the fundamental of reaching the sustainable objectives. This adds reducing greenhouse gas emission, pollution and the preserving of resources and organized the society and acquiring economy. With the said words above about sustainability in housing development can be expressively added to the sustainability in few points given below: It consumes large amounts of resource Its a secure benefits for a long life Its the value and the effects of housing development towards the transport, health employment and community. The construction between sustainable and housing has a very essential part in to completing sustainability, because housing develop devours the resource in construction to maintain its use in large scale. There is a connection between housing and sustainability, which works in two process , including the ethics of sustainability in housing development is preservation and restoration which will not going to make any impact in the eminence of strength and the cost efficiency of housing development. Impact of housing Development towards sustainability There is number of issues that can contribute housing development in sustainability. State below: Climate changes are one of the most widespread and hypothetically unsafe environment issues, which are the reason of greenhouse gases emissions, and especially CO2. The housing zone provides a significant role of community, the plan and the location of the housing development and the harmful climates changes in local area because of dangerous gases polluted around and the greenhouse gases emissions from the housing growth. The main target to this point is to minimizing the climate changes in terms of transports area, by decreasing the car usage. Physical resources, at the end of the building life, recycle and re-using the materials ease the quarries and other cause of resource to have new resource and landfill amount of flattening for mine and quarries. Tumbling the pollution and enlightening the air quality and health in daily lives, greenhouse gases and other source of energy produce dangerous gases like SO2( acid rain ), NOx and CO2 which are harmful gases in our life. Using enough energy efficiency positively reduce the emissions of pollution. Airtight building and use of artificial materials is one of the causes of health illness known as sick building syndrome. This illness occur cause of compressed and airtight of housing plans. Sustainable settlements need to be created because greenhouse gases is one of the singular source to transport sector which initially can be reduce by developing the building in order to reduce the travel via vehicle and influence to walk, cycling or public transport. Benefit of Sustainability in Housing Development The is three benefit of sustainability in housing development which are related and follows the same pattern as environment, social and economic effectively. Energy effectiveness Heating up house, suffering from dampness becomes one of the main issues in many houses, pointedly for poor families, which increase the illness in the community. Developing and using energy efficiency will benefit the quality of life, strength and standard living style in the society. The sustainable housing development not only provide the environment approach and energy efficiency housing, it also add an increase of employment, health care and many other services, which will be convenient for public to access by public transport or walk. Social presence Large schemes arise difficult in the cities to proof the essential of construction societies than rarely group of building. With the facilities in sustainable development there should be also varied of income and age grouping in terms of occupations and the house must be develop in such a location that large number of society can take palace in term of base. Residential design should be develop to subsidize in sustainability not to give only the warm living, reducing travel issues but also a settlement of worth life to continue in generation, which will decrease the efficiency of dwelling cost. Economic effect and money ethics Thinking of short term investment, leads to extra value of money in long term investment. Developing site in cheap cost may produce more money to spend. The benefit of sustainability in money issue is to study the long-term cost effect. It may cost extra in short term but it will affect the downward of long term cost in residential development. Research questions: As I have explained above about Sustainability in housing develop, its impact and the benefit of it, therefore the questions are: What is the main challenge of this proposal? How to develop affordable housing in 3 aspect of sustainable. Affordable housing and sustainable development are main two challenges around the world. As said by UK Gov. (2009), that housing demand has risen boomingly than the supply and as the price of house has increased than the rate of wages it has been difficult for young people to afford it . Developing affordable housing is one of the most important verdicts in sustainable design. Significantly sustainable is an issue, when it comes to designing housing project. As it covers the main part in using of building materials, space and location. What need to be done? Before approaching to sustainable housing development we need to study the policy to include the community, construction of housing. Building regulation, finance and facility of land, which can improve the affordable housing to develop eco-efficiency, location and design sector. Eco- Efficiency its the involvement of community to understand the planning of site, design and maintenance of housing projects. Location in order to achieve economic sustainability in housing project near to transport area, this will provide facilities toward public transport. Design to reduce the cost of house, infrastructure cost, ecological impression and improve the quality of life. To achieve such plan we need to include community service, dense design, friendly environment design and eco-efficient house. This can be possible by subsidizing the government in the process Case studies Sustainability towards the housing development are nowadays become the major focus in the world. Below are some example given: Bedzed ( Beddington Zero Energy Development) its one of the largest sustainability community in UK, which was built in 2000 in south-west London , on a brownfield site, industry field with 100 homes designed to afford for average people with standard quality of life . The concept of their design was to use of home energy for heating and hot water system and allocating the windows and triple glazing towards south and reducing the electricity by low energy lighting system. Their installation in wall by thicker than the average with insulation between the bricks to avoid energy loss and the solar panel used on the roof to ventilate the house and recover heat from the air coming out. Bedzed http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/BedZED_2007.jpg/300px-BedZED_2007.jpg Bowzed apartment at Tomlins Grove , located in east London. It was completes in 2004 by Bill Dunster Architects Zed factory. The concept of this apartment was create solar heating system which will stay up to five days in winter and internal temperature by 10c in summer. The achievement of this project was to have zero carbon and high level if insulation and thermal mass without the central heating system. The heating system is generated from renewable source for up over a year. http://www.zedfactory.com/bowzed_gallery/images/bowzed3.jpg Bowzed Colne and Mersea low carbon refurbishment housing located in Barking, London. It was completed in 2011 The concept this project was to change the existing house according to the climate to design a standard living home with improving energy- efficiency and reducing carbon emissions. http://www.unitedhouse.net/uploads/images/bd59bbe0c842fcda3f14b6a4543df8bf.jpg Colne Masea Conclusion The highlight of this proposal was the sustainability in residential or housing development in terms of social, economic and environmental aspect for affordable house. Many ideas have been study to consider sustainability to achieve the close location to public transport, social, community facilities and compact design according to the climate. Its also been said that there is some idea of sustainability which are opposite of each other such as eco-efficiency is expensive and tough to have affordable to obtain a house without government financial support. As its important to have affordable housing, hence its essential to give the high importance to afford a house for low income sectors its easy to have sustainability housing by giving well design but economically it is expensive to have sustainable housing. Over all having sustainability housing depends on the location wise and unlikely without using design principles it can be easy to have sustainable housing development. References

Analysisng the Print Media Coverage of Birtish Football Players Essay

Analysing the print media coverage of professional football players: British magazines and newspaper coverage of female players and officials in the women’s super league and females in football. Introduction The following research analyses coverage of women’s football and women involved in football in both nationally and locally distributed magazines and newspapers. The focus of the research looks at how the journalists refer and describe the women’s performance through interviews, writer’s columns and match reports, it is a long term study looking at data from October 1995 until the present day. With the recent introduction of a women’s super league and the existing premier league, most of the data revolves around these leagues, although there are also interviews with officials involved in overseeing the men’s game. The investigation found an extremely unequal balance in coverage between men and women’s sport, particularly football. When it was featured in a more general audience magazine such as Four Four Two or You magazine, there was often reference to the women’s appearance, partners and family life, as well as the man’s game. Alternatively in match reports featured in team specific publications such as programmes and fanzines there was much fewer references to the male game and a greater focus on skill and performance. Methodology Data collection The magazines and newspaper articles collected came from widely circulated publications including the Liverpool football club magazine, Four Four Two magazine and You magazine a supplement publication from the Mail on Sunday. The audience for these magazines are generic and not aimed particularly at one gender, although that is not to say both genders are equally likely to read it. The sport specific magazines are mainly focused on men’s football and representatively more men take an interest in football and are likely to buy the magazine. However it does feature articles about women’s sport. With the recent introduction of the women’s super league the focus of much of the in the more contemporary articles has been on this, however there are articles from 1995 until the present day. Sampling The data was chosen from a selection of publications that had been collected from 1995 until 2011, the articles that featured women’s football were found and the ones that had sufficient information about the team and the games they were involved in rather than just mentioned or the fixtures were used. The articles predominantly contained Liverpool ladies, although England, Everton and Chelsea teams were looked at along with an interview with a female official. The limitations of the sample are that most of the coverage comes from Liverpool’s match day programme and given the late start of the women’s season there has only been recent coverage of the current season. Also there are only relatively few articles in the publications and the collection was not exhaustive so some articles may have been missing from the archive, particularly away games and several months issues of Four Four Two. Data analysis After the data was collected it was read over and a content analysis was carried out, looking at lexis choices, tone and attitude of the writer towards the female athletes and officials. Points of interest and themes were highlighted in the articles, particularly the address of the female athletes, reference to the men’s game, and any sexual references. In articles containing interviews the questions put to the footballers were looked at for interviewer bias looking at any agenda the writer may have for presenting the woman’s game. The articles are in the appendices. Analysis Looking at the names of the teams involved in women’s premier league and super league is perhaps the most obvious form of subjugation within football. Names such as ‘Millwall Lionesses’, ‘Doncaster Rover Belles’ (LFC programme 11th April) and ‘Leeds City Vixens’ are part of the women’s football league even the national team are known as the ‘three Lionesses’ (You magazine 11th March) or the Australian national team ‘the Matildas’ (Four Four Two Oct 07). Other teams who just have the names of male football team names such as Everton are known ‘Everton ladies’, the name of the teams, although some may just be nicknames rather than official league names, put women in a lower position than men. Given that the game of football is not naturally gendered, it is not a male game, the idea that there is a need to differentiate they are female teams is quite surprising. In articles such as the Echo article from the 21st April, there is only an initial reference to gender in the headline ‘Dowie rescues a point for dominant ladies’ to prevent any confusion with the male team but throughout the rest of the interview, it is unbiased and simply refers to the players as members of the team, with references such as ‘the Toffees’ or simply just ‘Everton’. In other magazines such as LFC weekly from the 12th April when talking about the start of the new season in women’s football, the writer refers to the teams gender 60 times, 24 references to ‘ladies’ and ‘women’ 33 times. If the gender had been stated at the beginning of the article then there would be little reason to continue referencing the gender repeatedly throughout. The Everton programme from 11th December 2004 (LFC VS EFC) the women’s team is referred to as ‘the Girls in Blue’, the word girls is usually used to describe a young female which conjures up ideas of inexperience and immaturity. However in this instance it does not appear that is the writers intention to imply the women are any less than the best, after all Everton are one of the consistently best performing women’s team and it is in fact the only reference in the article about gender. It is more likely in this case, just a play on words adapting the slang reference to police as the boys in blue, McLoughlin (2000) looked at how magazines the writers expectations of women come through the text about what is accepted behaviour for women to do, football is still fairly off limits to women. Ultimately this will have some power over the reader who may feel pressure to conform to norms in the media. Throughout almost all of the articles the female players are referred to as ladies, although the competitions are the women’s super league and women’s premier league when the specific teams are mentioned they are called the ‘ladies’ for example ‘Liverpool ladies’ (LFC programme 10th Jan 98). This is an example of asymmetry not purely because of the use of diminutive ladies but also the need to differentiate from the male game. It would seem that it is normalising football as a male game as Liverpool men or any other team would not be referred to as Liverpool gentlemen, Janet Holmes also looked at the loaded meanings of the word ladies in her 2000 study. Gentlemen is the antonym of ladies which conjures up the images of gallantry and traditional ideas of gender, male ootball players would never be referred to as this as these are not the images that are desired for playing football, there will be evidence of respect and sportsmanship but it is a competition and a contact sport that has some level of controlled aggression and fierce competitiveness. Yet the women are referred to as ladies, this conjures up images of a reserved, gentle fairer sex, however they are just as capable of playing a hard tactile game. Therefore the programme from October 1995 ‘ladies fight back’, title is almost an oxymoron as ladies and fighting are not compatible images. While a feminist may take offence at the reference to women’s football as ladies, given the context it would seem that writers are not trying to demean women by using it and it would appear the women they are referring to are happy to be known as that, or surely by now the strong women in the game would have done something to have this changed. Later in the same programme the divide is further noted when the journalist writes ‘first-ever women’s derby match to be played at our famous stadium’, it is a common feature that youth teams play big games at Anfield even testimonials with male celebrities, yet it is made to be an honour at the thought of a women’s game occurring there, what is made worse is the description of the ground ‘our famous stadium’, this gives the impression it is solely for the men’s team, the fan’s, the writer, almost everyone except the women’s team, who should feel privileged to play at the ground. Messner and Duncan (1993) believe that sport media are wary of changing the coverage of women’s sport as it would challenge the male hegemony, this is also supported by Hardin, Lynn and Walsdorf (2005) and Curry, Arriagada and Cornwell (2002). With the recognition of women’s football by FIFA only happening in 1991 according to the October 2007 Four Four Two interview with the England team, the female game is still very much emerging. However women have been playing football and taking part in sport for centuries. By highlighting this is only ‘the second world cup England have qualified for’. He is raising the issue that the sport was only recently recognised yet taking away from the women’s achievements by bringing up the point that they hadn’t qualified many times before. As it is stated further in the magazine they have to balance ‘having full time jobs and preparing for the biggest tournament of your lives’, it is hardly surprising that they do not qualify as often as the men do as most of the players must remain amateur and the two games annot realistically be compared. The emergence of sports such as football has derived from local games that took part in villages as looked at in work by Reiley (2005) and Gerhadt (1993); mob games where two neighbouring villages would compete to get an object over the boundary into their village in order to win the game. These were very violent and thought of as no place for ladies to be, as the governing bodies developed from the public school systems like Rugby and Eton where the boys would take the village games and refine them, it was still very much a boys world as at that time girls schools would not have encouraged these type of games. It was once thought that if women took part in sport it would impact on their child baring abilities. Eventually women were introduced to non contact sports such as tennis but it took many more years before they began to play more aggressive sports. Many of the male teams that are in existence today such as Everton and Arsenal were developed from churches and factories for social reasons around the time of the industrial revolution, there is evidence of women’s teams developing slightly later during the times of war as the men went to fight and women were left behind to run industries, at the same time they started up their own teams, however it is only within the last 20 years that FIFA recognised the women in the sport. With the introduction of many modern women’s football leagues and competitions and the use of female officials in the male game, it would appear that women’s teams are receiving a much greater coverage in the media. In mainstream football magazines such as Four Four Two and LFC magazine women’s football has featured over the last 16 years, however it appears only now that it has become somewhat of a regular feature. While the men’s team, the reserve and youth teams have always had a weekly place in the Liverpool programme, with its own section women’s sport seemed confined to the occasional feature in the ‘community’ section. Stories from 1995 until more recently have covered the occasional trivial story such as the women’s team working with a school tournament shown in the October 1995 ‘girls shoot it out’ extract. Little emphasis was put on the team’s performance, rather the feeling that by covering this story Liverpool are showing what a caring club they are. Other features within the community section have been the clubs charity work internationally and with children with disabilities, by clumping the women’s team in with these stories it suggests that they are not on the same level as the men’s game and it is almost a privilege to be featured along with the ‘main team’, that the coverage of the women’s game is almost charitable. While some may argue that the programme is reporting on the events of the men’s first team and this may be why the women do not feature frequently, then surely the features of the reserves and youth team games should be only covered occasionally. Slowly this does appear to be changing, although the women’s leagues only start the season after the male counterparts, in the hope that the male game does not over shadow the women’s game, women’s football has featured in the recent Liverpool programme every home game recently and it has also moved from being covered in the community section to the ‘news’ (see Liverpool vs. Manchester city April 2011). However when it does feature in the publications however it is rarely a full page, often less than a quarter of a page as in the Liverpool programme (October 2008 LFC vs. Portsmouth) within a 82 page magazine, although the LFC weekly featured a 4 page article in a 50 page magazine. It would appear female footballers are finally gaining more acceptance in the media. Sexualisation of females within men’s magazines such as nuts and zoo is a common feature, the main reader of football specific magazines are men, so it may be expected that women are also portrayed as sexual objects in them. However this does not appear to be the case for much of the features found in the media, although there are still some examples of it. The interview with the England team in Four Four Two from 2007 talks to the women about their chances in the world cup, the interview asks questions such as ‘the Australian women’s team ‘the matildas’ posed nude for a calendar. Would you ever consider doing likewise? , another example of this is the interview in you magazine when the writer refers to the team as ‘the group of leggy and enviably toned young women’, women may be viewed as sexual objects in some of the male dominated readership magazines as a way of gender commodifcation an idea supported by work by Whannel (2000), a way of conforming to male ideals that in buying the magazine about football and sexualised women they are becoming more manly, that it ok to view women as objects men are the dominant gender, magazines and the media have some part to pl ay in the socialisation of today’s youth according to Wilemsen (1998), he even believes magazines widen the gap and differences between the genders. It is good then that the female athletes and officials are being covered about their roles in the mass media, but there is still some way to go to completely remove the gender stereotypes and bias. Although saying that, there are many interviews featured in magazines with male sports stars that objectify images of them and pass judgement on their physique, for some this may seem a positive move that women have the same powers over men but it may be better to feature women in the female magazines that other women can look up to and aspire to be like. It would also appear that coverage in a magazine that is aimed more at women but a more generic audience, You a supplement with The Mail, recently did a feature of the England team also discussing their chances at the world cup. Throughout the interview with the individual players they were given a small character description such as ‘the captain’ or ‘the veteran’ which are acceptable as they describe their role and dedication to the sport, however others were described as the ‘young mum’ or ‘the Beyonce fan’, while this style of reporting may be to normalise the girls and create a bond between the player and the reader who may have similar attributes, it also implies that they are doing something out of the ordinary and taking away from the girls sporting achievements by feminising and trivialising them.